第一篇：有關匹茲堡經濟轉型對中國經濟的借鑒作用。這一段落出自伯南克的一篇文章，有一定修改，總體風格比較平實，陌生經濟術語不多，只是某些句式有些拗口，譯不好會聽起來比較別扭。

Para 1

The slowing of China’s economic growth has many causes. In my view, it is a healthy development, resulting from a necessary change in China's growth model. Since the beginning of China's growth miracle, a large part of the country's development has been directed from the center. This "top-down" approach has focused on heavy industry, infrastructure, and the promotion of exports. This growth model had its roots in central planning. but China also encourages its market liberalization and openness to international competition, thus making important gains in productivity and technological upgrading. This strategy has been incredibly successful. the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago

參考答案：中國經濟發展的放緩，有很多的原因，在我看來，這種發展是健康的，是由中國發展模式所進行的必要調整造成的。 這個國家發展的奇跡的最初時刻，其發展主要來自于中央政府的指令。這種自上而下的發展方式主要集中于重工業、基礎設施以及推動出口。這種發展方式植根于中央集權式的計劃經濟，但中國同時也鼓勵市場自由化并向國際競爭開放。在生產力以及技術改造方面獲得了很大的進展。這一戰略非常成功，目前中國的經濟體量已經是十年前的兩倍半。

the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago。本句加一個名詞體量，就顯得比較平穩。而相反，漢英翻譯時，體量一詞就完全可以省去。

important gains in productivity and technological upgrading.這句話出現了抽象接抽象的情況，處理時要想清楚三個抽象名詞之間的關系。

Para 2

However, the top-down strategy has its limits. The share of output going into manufacturing, infrastructure, and exports is too large to be sustained. And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption. Recognizing these limits, China is working to make the transition to a "bottom-up" growth model, focused on the development of services industries, that is, retail trade, health, education, finance, and transportation. Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States. That productivity in services generally does not grow as quickly as in manufacturing, this transition will involve slower economic growth.

參考答案： 但是這種由上而下的策略存在局限性。國民收入進入基礎建設和出口領域比例過大，因此不可持續。同時過度強調資本投資和出口而忽視了消費。中國政府意識到了這種局限性。正在努力進行轉型，變為一種自下而上的發展模式。主要強調發展服務業也就是發展零售業、健康產業、教育、金融和交通業的發展。目前服務業占據中國經濟的大約一半，而美國的服務業占據經濟的五分之四。通常情況下，生產服務業的生產力發展速度不如制造業發展得快，這種轉型會減慢經濟增長速度

exports is too large to be sustained.這是非常著名的太……而不能句，直譯聽起來翻譯腔十足，實際上并沒有什么用，不如直接去掉。

And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption.這一there be加rather的用法，會讓譯者一瞬間產生非常別扭的譯文，實際上還是詞性轉換接斷句和增詞，這樣就可以產生順暢的譯文。

Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States.這句話里的關鍵就在compare一詞可以合理省略，比較結構處理的第一選擇應該是如何不譯，而不是如何再現結構，相反，漢英當中，如果能“無中生有”地出一個compared譯品的質量就很高。

Para 3

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. The economy of Pittsburg was built on heavy industry, a model that eventually reached its limits. And heavy industry took a heavy toll on its environment. Pittsburg and other American industrial cities that succeeded in reviving their economies did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services.in these cities, the government and private sectors worked together to revitalize downtowns, to develop tourist attractions and conference facilities, clean up the environment, and improve transportation links and other critical infrastructure. They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors like medicine, technology, finance, and retail.

參考答案：美國一些老工業城市比如匹茲堡，經歷了重要的經濟轉型。他們的發展經驗能夠為中國提出有用的借鑒。匹茲堡的經濟建立在重工業的基礎上，而這一發展模式最終遇到了瓶頸。重工業在環保方面付出了巨大的代價。匹茲堡及一些美國其他的工業城市，成功的重振了他們的經濟，主要靠得是由制造業向服務業轉型。這些城市的政府和私人機構共同合作，重新振興了市中心地區，發展，旅游景點以及會展業，清潔了環境，提升交通條件以及其他的基礎服務設施。因此它們吸引來了一些較為清潔的產業，比如醫藥、技術、金融和零售業。

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. 這個句子的難點在處理experience一詞，在聽的過程中要能記住，而且要做到“引而不發”，先翻譯后面的事實，然后再說經驗，考驗的是譯者在長結構中調整句式的能力。

did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services. 制造業向服務業轉型。很自然地加上一個“業”字，整個句子就順了，英譯漢當中使用范疇詞的技巧有助于表達自然而符合習慣。

They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors，對sector一詞泛譯為產業，實際上應該是“產業部門”，但在漢語表達上似乎區別不大，如果是漢譯英，很可能需要在校對時進行調整。

Para 4

Strengthening education was the key. It has the benefits like attracting and maintaining skilled workforces and setting up high tech companies. Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities. Particularly the universities of Pittsburg which led efforts to build research facilities where old factories had once stood.The symbol of Pittsburgh’s transformation is that the form of U.S. Steel building at the downtown in Pittsburg, the headquarters of a steel company.it is now the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, which is the largest employer in the whole region. How can China make a transition to a more services-oriented economy like Pittsburg has done? Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps. China can also enter into partnerships with foreign companies that can bring essential expertise in various fields.

參考答案：加強教育發展是重中之重，教育能夠帶來各種好處，包括吸引并留住一些熟練工人并建立起高技術產業。匹茲堡的重新發展得益于其是幾所大學的所在地。尤其是匹茲堡下大力量，在原先廠房的舊址上建立起了大學的研究機構。這一轉變的標志就是在城市的中心美國鋼鐵大廈，即一家鋼鐵公司的總部所在地，現在已經成為匹茲堡醫學中心，成為城市當中用工最多的機構。中國如何才能像匹茲堡一樣進行這一服務業轉型？關鍵步驟是減少重工業和出口補貼，同時深入改革，讓創立新公司變得更加容易。中國也可以通過與外國公司建立伙伴關系，在不同領域內引進專家人才。

Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities.這個句子里兩個動詞help和host，在漢語當中主語都應該是人而非物，因此在翻譯時要有意識地調整，否則譯文會覺得非常生硬。從中也能看出英漢在動詞使用方面的差異，及物，動詞的范圍，主語的情況，都要考慮才能譯文流利。

Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps.這類掉尾句對聽力要求較高，系動詞離主語部分比較遠，容易出現判斷失誤，無法完全理解，需要在日常訓練中不斷自行練習。一個句子可以同時說成松散和掉尾兩種結構，說上幾十個句子，自己也就習慣了。

Para 5

Reviving old American industrial cities like Pittsburg offers a useful lesson to China. which is the building a strong middle class: Middle-class households are the primary market for a wide range of services, from education to health care to retail to entertainment. For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities. In the case of China, to build the strong middle class, it needs to strengthen the social safety net, as this will give households the income security so that they can save less and spend more。 it also needs to reduce excessive government regulations and provides more consumer choices. A strong Chinese middle class will stimulate the development of new services industries and give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.

參考答案：像匹茲堡這樣的美國老工業城市的振興對中國是有用的一課就是要建立強大的中產階層。中產階級家庭是一系列服務的主要市場，包括教育、健康保健、零售以及娛樂業。美國像匹茲堡這樣的城市，想要吸引中產階級消費者，就需要提升公共基礎設施和教育水平，降低罪犯率以及增加就業機會。談到中國，要想建立強大的中產階級，就需要加強社保安全網，讓每個家庭對自己的收入感覺放心，這樣他們就會少存款，多花錢。同時還要減少政府的過度干預，為消費者提供更多的選擇。一個堅強的中國中產階級階層將刺激新型服務業發展，令這種自下而上的方式有可能取得成功。

For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities.這個句子的中心動詞為involve但只要這個詞一出現，譯文就會變得笨重不堪，因為后面的賓語長得停不下來，參考譯文處理成一個帶假如的主從復合句，就變得輕松了許多。

give households the income security英語中可以直接用名詞修辭另一個抽象名詞，而這種說法在漢語當中并不清楚，往往要通過拆分和解釋的方法進行處理，望文生義的譯法是行不通的。

give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.直譯為嘗試一下，但在這個上下文中沒必要多加一個主語，就譯成了有可能，這就是所謂譯文的靈活不拘一格。

第一篇：有關匹茲堡經濟轉型對中國經濟的借鑒作用。這一段落出自伯南克的一篇文章，有一定修改，總體風格比較平實，陌生經濟術語不多，只是某些句式有些拗口，譯不好會聽起來比較別扭。

Para 1

The slowing of China’s economic growth has many causes. In my view, it is a healthy development, resulting from a necessary change in China's growth model. Since the beginning of China's growth miracle, a large part of the country's development has been directed from the center. This "top-down" approach has focused on heavy industry, infrastructure, and the promotion of exports. This growth model had its roots in central planning. but China also encourages its market liberalization and openness to international competition, thus making important gains in productivity and technological upgrading. This strategy has been incredibly successful. the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago

參考答案：中國經濟發展的放緩，有很多的原因，在我看來，這種發展是健康的，是由中國發展模式所進行的必要調整造成的。 這個國家發展的奇跡的最初時刻，其發展主要來自于中央政府的指令。這種自上而下的發展方式主要集中于重工業、基礎設施以及推動出口。這種發展方式植根于中央集權式的計劃經濟，但中國同時也鼓勵市場自由化并向國際競爭開放。在生產力以及技術改造方面獲得了很大的進展。這一戰略非常成功，目前中國的經濟體量已經是十年前的兩倍半。

the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago。本句加一個名詞體量，就顯得比較平穩。而相反，漢英翻譯時，體量一詞就完全可以省去。

important gains in productivity and technological upgrading.這句話出現了抽象接抽象的情況，處理時要想清楚三個抽象名詞之間的關系。

Para 2

However, the top-down strategy has its limits. The share of output going into manufacturing, infrastructure, and exports is too large to be sustained. And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption. Recognizing these limits, China is working to make the transition to a "bottom-up" growth model, focused on the development of services industries, that is, retail trade, health, education, finance, and transportation. Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States. That productivity in services generally does not grow as quickly as in manufacturing, this transition will involve slower economic growth.

參考答案： 但是這種由上而下的策略存在局限性。國民收入進入基礎建設和出口領域比例過大，因此不可持續。同時過度強調資本投資和出口而忽視了消費。中國政府意識到了這種局限性。正在努力進行轉型，變為一種自下而上的發展模式。主要強調發展服務業也就是發展零售業、健康產業、教育、金融和交通業的發展。目前服務業占據中國經濟的大約一半，而美國的服務業占據經濟的五分之四。通常情況下，生產服務業的生產力發展速度不如制造業發展得快，這種轉型會減慢經濟增長速度

exports is too large to be sustained.這是非常著名的太……而不能句，直譯聽起來翻譯腔十足，實際上并沒有什么用，不如直接去掉。

And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption.這一there be加rather的用法，會讓譯者一瞬間產生非常別扭的譯文，實際上還是詞性轉換接斷句和增詞，這樣就可以產生順暢的譯文。

Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States.這句話里的關鍵就在compare一詞可以合理省略，比較結構處理的第一選擇應該是如何不譯，而不是如何再現結構，相反，漢英當中，如果能“無中生有”地出一個compared譯品的質量就很高。

Para 3

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. The economy of Pittsburg was built on heavy industry, a model that eventually reached its limits. And heavy industry took a heavy toll on its environment. Pittsburg and other American industrial cities that succeeded in reviving their economies did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services.in these cities, the government and private sectors worked together to revitalize downtowns, to develop tourist attractions and conference facilities, clean up the environment, and improve transportation links and other critical infrastructure. They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors like medicine, technology, finance, and retail.

參考答案：美國一些老工業城市比如匹茲堡，經歷了重要的經濟轉型。他們的發展經驗能夠為中國提出有用的借鑒。匹茲堡的經濟建立在重工業的基礎上，而這一發展模式最終遇到了瓶頸。重工業在環保方面付出了巨大的代價。匹茲堡及一些美國其他的工業城市，成功的重振了他們的經濟，主要靠得是由制造業向服務業轉型。這些城市的政府和私人機構共同合作，重新振興了市中心地區，發展，旅游景點以及會展業，清潔了環境，提升交通條件以及其他的基礎服務設施。因此它們吸引來了一些較為清潔的產業，比如醫藥、技術、金融和零售業。

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. 這個句子的難點在處理experience一詞，在聽的過程中要能記住，而且要做到“引而不發”，先翻譯后面的事實，然后再說經驗，考驗的是譯者在長結構中調整句式的能力。

did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services. 制造業向服務業轉型。很自然地加上一個“業”字，整個句子就順了，英譯漢當中使用范疇詞的技巧有助于表達自然而符合習慣。

They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors，對sector一詞泛譯為產業，實際上應該是“產業部門”，但在漢語表達上似乎區別不大，如果是漢譯英，很可能需要在校對時進行調整。

Para 4

Strengthening education was the key. It has the benefits like attracting and maintaining skilled workforces and setting up high tech companies. Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities. Particularly the universities of Pittsburg which led efforts to build research facilities where old factories had once stood.The symbol of Pittsburgh’s transformation is that the form of U.S. Steel building at the downtown in Pittsburg, the headquarters of a steel company.it is now the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, which is the largest employer in the whole region. How can China make a transition to a more services-oriented economy like Pittsburg has done? Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps. China can also enter into partnerships with foreign companies that can bring essential expertise in various fields.

參考答案：加強教育發展是重中之重，教育能夠帶來各種好處，包括吸引并留住一些熟練工人并建立起高技術產業。匹茲堡的重新發展得益于其是幾所大學的所在地。尤其是匹茲堡下大力量，在原先廠房的舊址上建立起了大學的研究機構。這一轉變的標志就是在城市的中心美國鋼鐵大廈，即一家鋼鐵公司的總部所在地，現在已經成為匹茲堡醫學中心，成為城市當中用工最多的機構。中國如何才能像匹茲堡一樣進行這一服務業轉型？關鍵步驟是減少重工業和出口補貼，同時深入改革，讓創立新公司變得更加容易。中國也可以通過與外國公司建立伙伴關系，在不同領域內引進專家人才。

Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities.這個句子里兩個動詞help和host，在漢語當中主語都應該是人而非物，因此在翻譯時要有意識地調整，否則譯文會覺得非常生硬。從中也能看出英漢在動詞使用方面的差異，及物，動詞的范圍，主語的情況，都要考慮才能譯文流利。

Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps.這類掉尾句對聽力要求較高，系動詞離主語部分比較遠，容易出現判斷失誤，無法完全理解，需要在日常訓練中不斷自行練習。一個句子可以同時說成松散和掉尾兩種結構，說上幾十個句子，自己也就習慣了。

Para 5

Reviving old American industrial cities like Pittsburg offers a useful lesson to China. which is the building a strong middle class: Middle-class households are the primary market for a wide range of services, from education to health care to retail to entertainment. For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities. In the case of China, to build the strong middle class, it needs to strengthen the social safety net, as this will give households the income security so that they can save less and spend more。 it also needs to reduce excessive government regulations and provides more consumer choices. A strong Chinese middle class will stimulate the development of new services industries and give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.

參考答案：像匹茲堡這樣的美國老工業城市的振興對中國是有用的一課就是要建立強大的中產階層。中產階級家庭是一系列服務的主要市場，包括教育、健康保健、零售以及娛樂業。美國像匹茲堡這樣的城市，想要吸引中產階級消費者，就需要提升公共基礎設施和教育水平，降低罪犯率以及增加就業機會。談到中國，要想建立強大的中產階級，就需要加強社保安全網，讓每個家庭對自己的收入感覺放心，這樣他們就會少存款，多花錢。同時還要減少政府的過度干預，為消費者提供更多的選擇。一個堅強的中國中產階級階層將刺激新型服務業發展，令這種自下而上的方式有可能取得成功。

For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities.這個句子的中心動詞為involve但只要這個詞一出現，譯文就會變得笨重不堪，因為后面的賓語長得停不下來，參考譯文處理成一個帶假如的主從復合句，就變得輕松了許多。

give households the income security英語中可以直接用名詞修辭另一個抽象名詞，而這種說法在漢語當中并不清楚，往往要通過拆分和解釋的方法進行處理，望文生義的譯法是行不通的。

give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.直譯為嘗試一下，但在這個上下文中沒必要多加一個主語，就譯成了有可能，這就是所謂譯文的靈活不拘一格。